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Question: 62 [<< | >>]
We have now to consider the effect of the sacraments. First of their
principal effect, which is grace; secondly, of their secondary effect,
which is a character. Concerning the first there are six points of
inquiry:
(1) Whether the sacraments of the New Law are the cause of grace?
(2) Whether sacramental grace confers anything in addition to the grace
of the virtues and gifts?
(3) Whether the sacraments contain grace?
(4) Whether there is any power in them for the causing of grace?
(5) Whether the sacraments derive this power from Christ's Passion?
(6) Whether the sacraments of the Old Law caused grace?
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Question: 62 [<< | >>]
Article: 1 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It seems that the sacraments are not the cause of grace. For it
seems that the same thing is not both sign and cause: since the nature of
sign appears to be more in keeping with an effect. But a sacrament is a
sign of grace. Therefore it is not its cause.
Objection 2: Further, nothing corporeal can act on a spiritual thing: since
"the agent is more excellent than the patient," as Augustine says (Gen.
ad lit. xii). But the subject of grace is the human mind, which is
something spiritual. Therefore the sacraments cannot cause grace.
Objection 3: Further, what is proper to God should not be ascribed to a
creature. But it is proper to God to cause grace, according to Ps. 83:12:
"The Lord will give grace and glory." Since, therefore, the sacraments
consist in certain words and created things, it seems that they cannot
cause grace.
On the contrary, Augustine says (Tract. lxxx in Joan.) that the
baptismal water "touches the body and cleanses the heart." But the heart
is not cleansed save through grace. Therefore it causes grace: and for
like reason so do the other sacraments of the Church.
I answer that, We must needs say that in some way the sacraments of the
New Law cause grace. For it is evident that through the sacraments of the
New Law man is incorporated with Christ: thus the Apostle says of Baptism
(Gal. 3:27): "As many of you as have been baptized in Christ have put on
Christ." And man is made a member of Christ through grace alone.
Some, however, say that they are the cause of grace not by their own
operation, but in so far as God causes grace in the soul when the
sacraments are employed. And they give as an example a man who on
presenting a leaden coin, receives, by the king's command, a hundred
pounds: not as though the leaden coin, by any operation of its own,
caused him to be given that sum of money; this being the effect of the
mere will of the king. Hence Bernard says in a sermon on the Lord's
Supper: "Just as a canon is invested by means of a book, an abbot by
means of a crozier, a bishop by means of a ring, so by the various
sacraments various kinds of grace are conferred." But if we examine the
question properly, we shall see that according to the above mode the
sacraments are mere signs. For the leaden coin is nothing but a sign of
the king's command that this man should receive money. In like manner the
book is a sign of the conferring of a canonry. Hence, according to this
opinion the sacraments of the New Law would be mere signs of grace;
whereas we have it on the authority of many saints that the sacraments of
the New Law not only signify, but also cause grace.
We must therefore say otherwise, that an efficient cause is twofold,
principal and instrumental. The principal cause works by the power of its
form, to which form the effect is likened; just as fire by its own heat
makes something hot. In this way none but God can cause grace: since
grace is nothing else than a participated likeness of the Divine Nature,
according to 2 Pt. 1:4: "He hath given us most great and precious
promises; that we may be [Vulg.: 'you may be made'] partakers of the
Divine Nature." But the instrumental cause works not by the power of its
form, but only by the motion whereby it is moved by the principal agent:
so that the effect is not likened to the instrument but to the principal
agent: for instance, the couch is not like the axe, but like the art
which is in the craftsman's mind. And it is thus that the sacraments of
the New Law cause grace: for they are instituted by God to be employed
for the purpose of conferring grace. Hence Augustine says (Contra Faust.
xix): "All these things," viz. pertaining to the sacraments, "are done
and pass away, but the power," viz. of God, "which works by them, remains
ever." Now that is, properly speaking, an instrument by which someone
works: wherefore it is written (Titus 3:5): "He saved us by the laver of
regeneration."
Reply to Objection 1: The principal cause cannot properly be called a sign of its
effect, even though the latter be hidden and the cause itself sensible
and manifest. But an instrumental cause, if manifest, can be called a
sign of a hidden effect, for this reason, that it is not merely a cause
but also in a measure an effect in so far as it is moved by the
principal agent. And in this sense the sacraments of the New Law are both
cause and signs. Hence, too, is it that, to use the common expression,
"they effect what they signify." From this it is clear that they
perfectly fulfil the conditions of a sacrament; being ordained to
something sacred, not only as a sign, but also as a cause.
Reply to Objection 2: An instrument has a twofold action; one is instrumental, in
respect of which it works not by its own power but by the power of the
principal agent: the other is its proper action, which belongs to it in
respect of its proper form: thus it belongs to an axe to cut asunder by
reason of its sharpness, but to make a couch, in so far as it is the
instrument of an art. But it does not accomplish the instrumental action
save by exercising its proper action: for it is by cutting that it makes
a couch. In like manner the corporeal sacraments by their operation,
which they exercise on the body that they touch, accomplish through the
Divine institution an instrumental operation on the soul; for example,
the water of baptism, in respect of its proper power, cleanses the body,
and thereby, inasmuch as it is the instrument of the Divine power,
cleanses the soul: since from soul and body one thing is made. And thus
it is that Augustine says (Gen. ad lit. xii) that it "touches the body
and cleanses the heart."
Reply to Objection 3: This argument considers that which causes grace as
principal agent; for this belongs to God alone, as stated above.
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Question: 62 [<< | >>]
Article: 2 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It seems that sacramental grace confers nothing in addition to
the grace of the virtues and gifts. For the grace of the virtues and
gifts perfects the soul sufficiently, both in its essence and in its
powers; as is clear from what was said in the FS, Question [110], Articles [3],4. But
grace is ordained to the perfecting of the soul. Therefore sacramental
grace cannot confer anything in addition to the grace of the virtues and
gifts.
Objection 2: Further, the soul's defects are caused by sin. But all sins are
sufficiently removed by the grace of the virtues and gifts: because there
is no sin that is not contrary to some virtue. Since, therefore,
sacramental grace is ordained to the removal of the soul's defects, it
cannot confer anything in addition to the grace of the virtues and gifts.
Objection 3: Further, every addition or subtraction of form varies the species
(Metaph. viii). If, therefore, sacramental grace confers anything in
addition to the grace of the virtues and gifts, it follows that it is
called grace equivocally: and so we are none the wiser when it is said
that the sacraments cause grace.
On the contrary, If sacramental grace confers nothing in addition to the
grace of the virtues and gifts, it is useless to confer the sacraments
on those who have the virtues and gifts. But there is nothing useless in
God's works. Therefore it seems that sacramental grace confers something
in addition to the grace of the virtues and gifts.
I answer that, As stated in the FS, Question [110], Articles [3],4, grace, considered
in itself, perfects the essence of the soul, in so far as it is a certain
participated likeness of the Divine Nature. And just as the soul's powers
flow from its essence, so from grace there flow certain perfections into
the powers of the soul, which are called virtues and gifts, whereby the
powers are perfected in reference to their actions. Now the sacraments
are ordained unto certain special effects which are necessary in the
Christian life: thus Baptism is ordained unto a certain spiritual
regeneration, by which man dies to vice and becomes a member of Christ:
which effect is something special in addition to the actions of the
soul's powers: and the same holds true of the other sacraments.
Consequently just as the virtues and gifts confer, in addition to grace
commonly so called, a certain special perfection ordained to the powers'
proper actions, so does sacramental grace confer, over and above grace
commonly so called, and in addition to the virtues and gifts, a certain
Divine assistance in obtaining the end of the sacrament. It is thus that
sacramental grace confers something in addition to the grace of the
virtues and gifts.
Reply to Objection 1: The grace of the virtues and gifts perfects the essence and
powers of the soul sufficiently as regards ordinary conduct: but as
regards certain special effects which are necessary in a Christian life,
sacramental grace is needed.
Reply to Objection 2: Vices and sins are sufficiently removed by virtues and
gifts, as to present and future time. in so far as they prevent man from
sinning. But in regard to past sins, the acts of which are transitory
whereas their guilt remains, man is provided with a special remedy in the
sacraments.
Reply to Objection 3: Sacramental grace is compared to grace commonly so called,
as species to genus. Wherefore just as it is not equivocal to use the
term "animal" in its generic sense, and as applied to a man, so neither
is it equivocal to speak of grace commonly so called and of sacramental
grace.
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Question: 62 [<< | >>]
Article: 3 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It seems that the sacraments of the New Law do not contain grace.
For it seems that what is contained is in the container. But grace is not
in the sacraments; neither as in a subject, because the subject of grace
is not a body but a spirit; nor as in a vessel, for according to Phys.
iv, "a vessel is a movable place," and an accident cannot be in a place.
Therefore it seems that the sacraments of the New Law do not contain
grace.
Objection 2: Further, sacraments are instituted as means whereby men may
obtain grace. But since grace is an accident it cannot pass from one
subject to another. Therefore it would be of no account if grace were in
the sacraments.
Objection 3: Further, a spiritual thing is not contained by a corporeal, even
if it be therein; for the soul is not contained by the body; rather does
it contain the body. Since, therefore, grace is something spiritual, it
seems that it cannot be contained in a corporeal sacrament.
On the contrary, Hugh of S. Victor says (De Sacram. i) that "a
sacrament, through its being sanctified, contains an invisible grace."
I answer that, A thing is said to be in another in various ways; in two
of which grace is said to be in the sacraments. First, as in its sign;
for a sacrament is a sign of grace. Secondly, as in its cause; for, as
stated above (Article [1]) a sacrament of the New Law is an instrumental cause
of grace. Wherefore grace is in a sacrament of the New Law, not as to its
specific likeness, as an effect in its univocal cause; nor as to some
proper and permanent form proportioned to such an effect, as effects in
non-univocal causes, for instance, as things generated are in the sun;
but as to a certain instrumental power transient and incomplete in its
natural being, as will be explained later on (Article [4]).
Reply to Objection 1: Grace is said to be in a sacrament not as in its subject;
nor as in a vessel considered as a place, but understood as the
instrument of some work to be done, according to Ezech. 9:1: "Everyone
hath a destroying vessel [Douay: 'weapon'] in his hand."
Reply to Objection 2: Although an accident does not pass from one subject to
another, nevertheless in a fashion it does pass from its cause into its
subject through the instrument; not so that it be in each of these in the
same way, but in each according to its respective nature.
Reply to Objection 3: If a spiritual thing exist perfectly in something, it
contains it and is not contained by it. But, in a sacrament, grace has a
passing and incomplete mode of being: and consequently it is not
unfitting to say that the sacraments contain grace.
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Question: 62 [<< | >>]
Article: 4 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It seems that there is not in the sacraments a power of causing
grace. For the power of causing grace is a spiritual power. But a
spiritual power cannot be in a body; neither as proper to it, because
power flows from a thing's essence and consequently cannot transcend it;
nor as derived from something else, because that which is received into
anything follows the mode of the recipient. Therefore in the sacraments
there is no power of causing grace.
Objection 2: Further, whatever exists is reducible to some kind of being and
some degree of good. But there is no assignable kind of being to which
such a power can belong; as anyone may see by running. through them all.
Nor is it reducible to some degree of good; for neither is it one of the
goods of least account, since sacraments are necessary for salvation: nor
is it an intermediate good, such as are the powers of the soul, which are
natural powers; nor is it one of the greater goods, for it is neither
grace nor a virtue of the mind. Therefore it seems that in the sacraments
there is no power of causing grace.
Objection 3: Further, if there be such a power in the sacraments, its presence
there must be due to nothing less than a creative act of God. But it
seems unbecoming that so excellent a being created by God should cease to
exist as soon as the sacrament is complete. Therefore it seems that in
the sacraments there is no power for causing grace.
Objection 4: Further, the same thing cannot be in several. But several things
concur in the completion of a sacrament, namely, words and things: while
in one sacrament there can be but one power. Therefore it seems that
there is no power of causing grace in the sacraments.
On the contrary, Augustine says (Tract. lxxx in Joan.): "Whence hath
water so great power, that it touches the body and cleanses the heart?"
And Bede says that "Our Lord conferred a power of regeneration on the
waters by the contact of His most pure body."
I answer that, Those who hold that the sacraments do not cause grace
save by a certain coincidence, deny the sacraments any power that is
itself productive of the sacramental effect, and hold that the Divine
power assists the sacraments and produces their effect. But if we hold
that a sacrament is an instrumental cause of grace, we must needs allow
that there is in the sacraments a certain instrumental power of bringing
about the sacramental effects. Now such power is proportionate to the
instrument: and consequently it stands in comparison to the complete and
perfect power of anything, as the instrument to the principal agent. For
an instrument, as stated above (Article [1]), does not work save as moved by the
principal agent, which works of itself. And therefore the power of the
principal agent exists in nature completely and perfectly: whereas the
instrumental power has a being that passes from one thing into another,
and is incomplete; just as motion is an imperfect act passing from agent
to patient.
Reply to Objection 1: A spiritual power cannot be in a corporeal subject, after
the manner of a permanent and complete power, as the argument proves. But
there is nothing to hinder an instrumental spiritual power from being in
a body; in so far as a body can be moved by a particular spiritual
substance so as to produce a particular spiritual effect; thus in the
very voice which is perceived by the senses there is a certain spiritual
power, inasmuch as it proceeds from a mental concept, of arousing the
mind of the hearer. It is in this way that a spiritual power is in the
sacraments, inasmuch as they are ordained by God unto the production of a
spiritual effect.
Reply to Objection 2: Just as motion, through being an imperfect act, is not
properly in a genus, but is reducible to a genus of perfect act, for
instance, alteration to the genus of quality: so, instrumental power,
properly speaking, is not in any genus, but is reducible to a genus and
species of perfect act.
Reply to Objection 3: Just as an instrumental power accrues to an instrument
through its being moved by the principal agent, so does a sacrament
receive spiritual power from Christ's blessing and from the action of the
minister in applying it to a sacramental use. Hence Augustine says in a
sermon on the Epiphany (St. Maximus of Turin, Serm. xii): "Nor should you
marvel, if we say that water, a corporeal substance, achieves the
cleansing of the soul. It does indeed, and penetrates every secret
hiding-place of the conscience. For subtle and clear as it is, the
blessing of Christ makes it yet more subtle, so that it permeates into
the very principles of life and searches the inner-most recesses of the
heart."
Reply to Objection 4: Just as the one same power of the principal agent is
instrumentally in all the instruments that are ordained unto the
production of an effect, forasmuch as they are one as being so ordained:
so also the one same sacramental power is in both words and things,
forasmuch as words and things combine to form one sacrament.
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Question: 62 [<< | >>]
Article: 5 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It seems that the sacraments of the New Law do not derive their
power from Christ's Passion. For the power of the sacraments is in the
causing of grace which is the principle of spiritual life in the soul.
But as Augustine says (Tract. xix in Joan.): "The Word, as He was in the
beginning with God, quickens souls; as He was made flesh, quickens
bodies." Since, therefore, Christ's Passion pertains to the Word as made
flesh, it seems that it cannot cause the power of the sacraments.
Objection 2: Further, the power of the sacraments seems to depend on faith.
for as Augustine says (Tract. lxxx in Joan.), the Divine Word perfects
the sacrament "not because it is spoken, but because it is believed." But
our faith regards not only Christ's Passion, but also the other mysteries
of His humanity, and in a yet higher measure, His Godhead. Therefore it
seems that the power of the sacraments is not due specially to Christ's
Passion.
Objection 3: Further, the sacraments are ordained unto man's justification,
according to 1 Cor. 6:11: "You are washed . . . you are justified." Now
justification is ascribed to the Resurrection, according to Rm. 4:25:
"(Who) rose again for our justification." Therefore it seems that the
sacraments derive their power from Christ's Resurrection rather than from
His Passion.
On the contrary, on Rm. 5:14: "After the similitude of the transgression
of Adam," etc., the gloss says: "From the side of Christ asleep on the
Cross flowed the sacraments which brought salvation to the Church."
Consequently, it seems that the sacraments derive their power from
Christ's Passion.
I answer that, As stated above (Article [1]) a sacrament in causing grace works
after the manner of an instrument. Now an instrument is twofold. the one,
separate, as a stick, for instance; the other, united, as a hand.
Moreover, the separate instrument is moved by means of the united
instrument, as a stick by the hand. Now the principal efficient cause of
grace is God Himself, in comparison with Whom Christ's humanity is as a
united instrument, whereas the sacrament is as a separate instrument.
Consequently, the saving power must needs be derived by the sacraments
from Christ's Godhead through His humanity.
Now sacramental grace seems to be ordained principally to two things:
namely, to take away the defects consequent on past sins, in so far as
they are transitory in act, but endure in guilt; and, further, to perfect
the soul in things pertaining to Divine Worship in regard to the
Christian Religion. But it is manifest from what has been stated above
(Question [48], Articles [1],2,6; Question [49], Articles [1],3) that Christ delivered us from our sins
principally through His Passion, not only by way of efficiency and merit,
but also by way of satisfaction. Likewise by His Passion He inaugurated
the Rites of the Christian Religion by offering "Himself---an oblation
and a sacrifice to God" (Eph. 5:2). Wherefore it is manifest that the
sacraments of the Church derive their power specially from Christ's
Passion, the virtue of which is in a manner united to us by our receiving
the sacraments. It was in sign of this that from the side of Christ
hanging on the Cross there flowed water and blood, the former of which
belongs to Baptism, the latter to the Eucharist, which are the principal
sacraments.
Reply to Objection 1: The Word, forasmuch as He was in the beginning with God,
quickens souls as principal agent; but His flesh, and the mysteries
accomplished therein, are as instrumental causes in the process of giving
life to the soul: while in giving life to the body they act not only as
instrumental causes, but also to a certain extent as exemplars, as we
stated above (Question [56], Article [1], ad 3).
Reply to Objection 2: Christ dwells in us "by faith" (Eph. 3:17). Consequently, by faith Christ's power is united to us. Now the power of blotting out sin belongs in a special way to His Passion. And therefore men are delivered from sin especially by faith in His Passion, according to Rm. 3:25: "Whom God hath proposed to be a propitiation through faith in His Blood." Therefore the power of the sacraments which is ordained unto the remission of sins is derived principally from faith in Christ's Passion.
Reply to Objection 3: Justification is ascribed to the Resurrection by reason of
the term "whither," which is newness of life through grace. But it is
ascribed to the Passion by reason of the term "whence," i.e. in regard to
the forgiveness of sin.
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Question: 62 [<< | >>]
Article: 6 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It seems that the sacraments of the Old Law caused grace. For, as
stated above (Article [5], ad 2) the sacraments of the New Law derive their
efficacy from faith in Christ's Passion. But there was faith in Christ's
Passion under the Old Law, as well as under the New, since we have "the
same spirit of faith" (2 Cor. 4:13). Therefore just as the sacraments of
the New Law confer grace, so did the sacraments of the Old Law.
Objection 2: Further, there is no sanctification save by grace. But men were
sanctified by the sacraments of the Old Law: for it is written (Lev.
8:31): "And when he," i.e. Moses, "had sanctified them," i.e. Aaron and
his sons, "in their vestments," etc. Therefore it seems that the
sacraments of the Old Law conferred grace.
Objection 3: Further, Bede says in a homily on the Circumcision: "Under the
Law circumcision provided the same health-giving balm against the wound
of original sin, as baptism in the time of revealed grace." But Baptism
confers grace now. Therefore circumcision conferred grace; and in like
manner, the other sacraments of the Law; for just as Baptism is the door
of the sacraments of the New Law, so was circumcision the door of the
sacraments of the Old Law: hence the Apostle says (Gal. 5:3): "I testify
to every man circumcising himself, that he is a debtor to the whole law."
On the contrary, It is written (Gal. 4:9): "Turn you again to the weak
and needy elements?" i.e. "to the Law," says the gloss, "which is called
weak, because it does not justify perfectly." But grace justifies
perfectly. Therefore the sacraments of the old Law did not confer grace.
I answer that, It cannot be said that the sacraments of the Old Law
conferred sanctifying grace of themselves, i.e. by their own power: since
thus Christ's Passion would not have been necessary, according to Gal.
2:21: "If justice be by the Law, then Christ died in vain."
But neither can it be said that they derived the power of conferring
sanctifying grace from Christ's Passion. For as it was stated above (Article [5]), the power of Christ's Passion is united to us by faith and the
sacraments, but in different ways; because the link that comes from faith
is produced by an act of the soul; whereas the link that comes from the
sacraments, is produced by making use of exterior things. Now nothing
hinders that which is subsequent in point of time, from causing
movement, even before it exists in reality, in so far as it pre-exists in
an act of the soul: thus the end, which is subsequent in point of time,
moves the agent in so far as it is apprehended and desired by him. On the
other hand, what does not yet actually exist, does not cause movement if
we consider the use of exterior things. Consequently, the efficient cause
cannot in point of time come into existence after causing movement, as
does the final cause. It is therefore clear that the sacraments of the
New Law do reasonably derive the power of justification from Christ's
Passion, which is the cause of man's righteousness; whereas the
sacraments of the Old Law did not.
Nevertheless the Fathers of old were justified by faith in Christ's
Passion, just as we are. And the sacraments of the old Law were a kind of
protestation of that faith, inasmuch as they signified Christ's Passion
and its effects. It is therefore manifest that the sacraments of the Old
Law were not endowed with any power by which they conduced to the
bestowal of justifying grace: and they merely signified faith by which
men were justified.
Reply to Objection 1: The Fathers of old had faith in the future Passion of
Christ, which, inasmuch as it was apprehended by the mind, was able to
justify them. But we have faith in the past Passion of Christ, which is
able to justify, also by the real use of sacramental things as stated
above.
Reply to Objection 2: That sanctification was but a figure: for they were said to
be sanctified forasmuch as they gave themselves up to the Divine worship
according to the rite of the Old Law, which was wholly ordained to the
foreshadowing of Christ's Passion.
Reply to Objection 3: There have been many opinions about Circumcision. For,
according to some, Circumcision conferred no grace, but only remitted
sin. But this is impossible; because man is not justified from sin save
by grace, according to Rm. 3:24: "Being justified freely by His grace."
Wherefore others said that by Circumcision grace is conferred, as to the
privative effects of sin, but not as to its positive effects. But this
also appears to be false, because by Circumcision, children received the
faculty of obtaining glory, which is the ultimate positive effect of
grace. Moreover, as regards the order of the formal cause, positive
effects are naturally prior to privative effects, though according to the
order of the material cause, the reverse is the case: for a form does not
exclude privation save by informing the subject.
Hence others say that Circumcision conferred grace also as regards a certain positive effect, i.e. by making man worthy of eternal life, but not so as to repress concupiscence which makes man prone to sin. And so at one time it seemed to me. But if the matter be considered carefully, this too appears to be untrue; because the very least grace is sufficient to resist any degree of concupiscence, and to merit eternal life.
And therefore it seems better to say that Circumcision was a sign of justifying faith: wherefore the Apostle says (Rm. 4:11) that Abraham "received the sign of Circumcision, a seal of the justice of faith." Consequently grace was conferred in Circumcision in so far as it was a sign of Christ's future Passion, as will be made clear further on (Question [70], Article [4]).