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We have now to consider Christ's judiciary power. Under this head there
are six points of inquiry:
(1) Whether judiciary power is to be attributed to Christ?
(2) Whether it belongs to Him as man?
(3) Whether He acquired it by merits?
(4) Whether His judiciary power is universal with regard to all men?
(5) Whether besides the judgment that takes place now in time, we are to
expect Him in the future general judgment?
(6) Whether His judiciary power extends likewise to the angels?
It will be more suitable to consider the execution of the Last Judgment
when we treat of things pertaining to the end of the world [*See XP,
Questions [88], seqq.]. For the present it will be enough to touch on those
points that concern Christ's dignity.
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Question: 59 [<< | >>]
Article: 1 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that judiciary power is not to be specially
attributed to Christ. For judgment of others seems to belong to their
lord; hence it is written (Rm. 14:4): "Who art thou that judgest another
man's servant?" But, it belongs to the entire Trinity to be Lord over
creatures. Therefore judiciary power ought not to be attributed specially
to Christ.
Objection 2: Further, it is written (Dan. 7:9): "The Ancient of days sat"; and
further on (Dan. 7:10), "the judgment sat, and the books were opened."
But the Ancient of days is understood to be the Father, because as Hilary
says (De Trin. ii): "Eternity is in the Father." Consequently, judiciary
power ought rather to be attributed to the Father than to Christ.
Objection 3: Further, it seems to belong to the same person to judge as it
does to convince. But it belongs to the Holy Ghost to convince: for our
Lord says (Jn. 16:8): "And when He is come," i.e. the Holy Ghost, "He
will convince the world of sin, and of justice, and of judgment."
Therefore judiciary power ought to be attributed to the Holy Ghost rather
than to Christ.
On the contrary, It is said of Christ (Acts 10:42): "It is He who was
appointed by God, to be judge of the living end of the dead."
I answer that, Three things are required for passing judgment: first,
the power of coercing subjects; hence it is written (Ecclus. 7:6): "Seek
not to be made a judge unless thou have strength enough to extirpate
iniquities." The second thing required is upright zeal, so as to pass
judgment not out of hatred or malice, but from love of justice, according
to Prov. 3:12: "For whom the Lord loveth, He chasteneth: and as a father
in the son He pleaseth Himself." Thirdly, wisdom is needed, upon which
judgment is based, according to Ecclus. 10:1: "A wise judge shall judge
his people." The first two are conditions for judging; but on the third
the very rule of judgment is based, because the standard of judgment is
the law of wisdom or truth, according to which the judgment is passed.
Now because the Son is Wisdom begotten, and Truth proceeding from the
Father, and His perfect Image, consequently, judiciary power is properly
attributed to the Son of God. Accordingly Augustine says (De Vera Relig.
xxxi): "This is that unchangeable Truth, which is rightly styled the law
of all arts, and the art of the Almighty Craftsman. But even as we and
all rational souls judge aright of the things beneath us, so does He who
alone is Truth itself pass judgment on us, when we cling to Him. But the
Father judges Him not, for He is the Truth no less than Himself.
Consequently, whatever the Father judges, He judges through It." Further
on he concludes by saying: "Therefore the Father judges no man, but has
given all judgment to the Son."
Reply to Objection 1: This argument proves that judiciary power is common to the
entire Trinity, which is quite true: still by special appropriation such
power is attributed to the Son, as stated above.
Reply to Objection 2: As Augustine says (De Trin. vi), eternity is attributed to
the Father, because He is the Principle, which is implied in the idea of
eternity. And in the same place Augustine says that the Son is the art of
the Father. So, then, judiciary authority is attributed to the Father,
inasmuch as He is the Principle of the Son, but the very rule of judgment
is attributed to the Son who is the art and wisdom of the Father, so that
as the Father does all things through the Son, inasmuch as the Son is His
art, so He judges all things through the Son, inasmuch as the Son is His
wisdom and truth. And this is implied by Daniel, when he says in the
first passage that "the Ancient of days sat," and when he subsequently
adds that the Son of Man "came even to the Ancient of days, who gave Him
power, and glory, and a kingdom": and thereby we are given to understand
that the authority for judging lies with the Father, from whom the Son
received the power to judge.
Reply to Objection 3: As Augustine says (Tract. xcv in Joan.): "Christ said that
the Holy Ghost shall convince the world of sin, as if to say 'He shall
pour out charity upon your hearts.' For thus, when fear is driven away,
you shall have freedom for convincing." Consequently, then, judgment is
attributed to the Holy Ghost, not as regards the rule of judgment, but as
regards man's desire to judge others aright.
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Article: 2 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that judiciary power does not belong to Christ as
man. For Augustine says (De Vera Relig. xxxi) that judgment is attributed
to the Son inasmuch as He is the law of the first truth. But this is
Christ's attribute as God. Consequently, judiciary power does not belong
to Christ as man but as God.
Objection 2: Further, it belongs to judiciary power to reward the good, just
as to punish the wicked. But eternal beatitude, which is the reward of
good works, is bestowed by God alone: thus Augustine says (Tract. xxiii
super Joan.) that "the soul is made blessed by participation of God, and
not by participation of a holy soul." Therefore it seems that judiciary
power does not belong to Christ as man, but as God.
Objection 3: Further, it belongs to Christ's judiciary power to judge secrets
of hearts, according to 1 Cor. 4:5: "Judge not before the time; until the
Lord come, who both will bring to light the hidden things of darkness,
and will make manifest the counsels of the hearts." But this belongs
exclusively to the Divine power, according to Jer. 17:9,10: "The heart of
man is perverse and unsearchable, who can know it? I am the Lord who
search the heart, and prove the reins: who give to every one according to
his way." Therefore judiciary power does not belong to Christ as man but
as God.
On the contrary, It is said (Jn. 5:27): "He hath given Him power to do
judgment, because He is the Son of man."
I answer that, Chrysostom (Hom. xxxix in Joan.) seems to think that
judiciary power belongs to Christ not as man, but only as God.
Accordingly he thus explains the passage just quoted from John: "'He gave
Him power to do judgment, because He is the Son of man: wonder not at
this.' For He received judiciary power, not because He is man; but
because He is the Son of the ineffable God, therefore is He judge. But
since the expressions used were greater than those appertaining to man,
He said in explanation: 'Wonder not at this, because He is the Son of
man, for He is likewise the Son of God.'" And he proves this by the
effect of the Resurrection: wherefore He adds: "Because the hour cometh
when the dead in their graves shall hear the voice of the Son of God."
But it must be observed that although the primary authority of judging
rests with God, nevertheless the power to judge is committed to men with
regard to those subject to their jurisdiction. Hence it is written (Dt. 1:16): "Judge that which is just"; and further on (Dt. 1:17): "Because it
is the judgment of God," that is to say, it is by His authority that you
judge. Now it was said before (Question [8], Articles [1],4) that Christ even in His
human nature is Head of the entire Church, and that God has "put all
things under His feet." Consequently, it belongs to Him, even according
to His human nature, to exercise judiciary power. on this account. it
seems that the authority of Scripture quoted above must be interpreted
thus: "He gave Him power to do judgment, because He is the Son of Man";
not on account of the condition of His nature, for thus all men would
have this kind of power, as Chrysostom objects (Hom. xxxix in Joan.); but
because this belongs to the grace of the Head, which Christ received in
His human nature.
Now judiciary power belongs to Christ in this way according to His human
nature on three accounts. First, because of His likeness and kinship with
men; for, as God works through intermediary causes, as being closer to
the effects, so He judges men through the Man Christ, that His judgment
may be sweeter to men. Hence (Heb. 4:15) the Apostle says: "For we have
not a high-priest, who cannot have compassion on our infirmities; but one
tempted in all things like as we are, without sin. Let us go therefore
with confidence to the throne of His grace." Secondly, because at the
last judgment, as Augustine says (Tract. xix in Joan.), "there will be a
resurrection of dead bodies, which God will raise up through the Son of
Man"; just as by "the same Christ He raises souls," inasmuch as "He is
the Son of God." Thirdly, because, as Augustine observes (De Verb. Dom.,
Serm. cxxvii): "It was but right that those who were to be judged should
see their judge. But those to be judged were the good and the bad. It
follows that the form of a servant should be shown in the judgment to
both good and wicked, while the form of God should be kept for the good
alone."
Reply to Objection 1: Judgment belongs to truth as its standard, while it belongs
to the man imbued with truth, according as he is as it were one with
truth, as a kind of law and "living justice" [*Aristotle, Ethic. v].
Hence Augustine quotes (De Verb. Dom., Serm. cxxvii) the saying of 1 Cor.
2:15: "The spiritual man judgeth all things." But beyond all creatures
Christ's soul was more closely united with truth, and more full of truth;
according to Jn. 1:14: "We saw Him . . . full of grace and truth." And
according to this it belongs principally to the soul of Christ to judge
all things.
Reply to Objection 2: It belongs to God alone to bestow beatitude upon souls by a
participation with Himself; but it is Christ's prerogative to bring them
to such beatitude, inasmuch as He is their Head and the author of their
salvation, according to Heb. 2:10: "Who had brought many children into
glory, to perfect the author of their salvation by His Passion."
Reply to Objection 3: To know and judge the secrets of hearts, of itself belongs
to God alone; but from the overflow of the Godhead into Christ's soul it
belongs to Him also to know and to judge the secrets of hearts, as we
stated above (Question [10], Article [2]), when dealing with the knowledge of Christ.
Hence it is written (Rm. 2:16): "In the day when God shall judge the
secrets of men by Jesus Christ."
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Question: 59 [<< | >>]
Article: 3 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that Christ did not acquire His judiciary power by
His merits. For judiciary power flows from the royal dignity: according
to Prov. 20:8: "The king that sitteth on the throne of judgment,
scattereth away all evil with his look." But it was without merits that
Christ acquired royal power, for it is His due as God's Only-begotten
Son: thus it is written (Lk. 1:32): "The Lord God shall give unto Him the
throne of David His father, and He shall reign in the house of Jacob for
ever." Therefore Christ did not obtain judiciary power by His merits.
Objection 2: Further, as stated above (Article [2]), judiciary power is Christ's due
inasmuch as He is our Head. But the grace of headship does not belong to
Christ by reason of merit, but follows the personal union of the Divine
and human natures: according to Jn. 1:14,16: "We saw His glory . . . as
of the Only-Begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth . . . and of
His fulness we all have received": and this pertains to the notion of
headship. Consequently, it seems that Christ did not have judiciary power
from merits.
Objection 3: Further, the Apostle says (1 Cor. 2:15): "The spiritual man
judgeth all things." But a man becomes spiritual through grace, which is
not from merits; otherwise it is "no more grace," as is said in Rm. 11:6.
Therefore it seems that judiciary power belongs neither to Christ nor to
others from any merits, but from grace alone.
On the contrary, It is written (Job 36:17): "Thy cause hath been judged
as that of the wicked, cause and judgment thou shalt recover." And
Augustine says (Serm. cxxvii): "The Judge shall sit, who stood before a
judge; He shall condemn the truly wicked, who Himself was falsely reputed
wicked."
I answer that, There is nothing to hinder one and the same thing from
being due to some one from various causes: as the glory of the body in
rising was due to Christ not only as befitting His Godhead and His soul's
glory, but likewise "from the merit of the lowliness of His Passion"
[*Cf. Augustine, Tract. civ in Joan.]. And in the same way it must be
said that judiciary power belongs to the Man Christ on account of both
His Divine personality, and the dignity of His headship, and the fulness
of His habitual grace: and yet He obtained it from merit, so that, in
accordance with the Divine justice, He should be judge who fought for
God's justice, and conquered, and was unjustly condemned. Hence He
Himself says (Apoc. 3:21): "I have overcome and am set down in My
Father's throne [Vulg.: 'with My Father in His throne']." Now judiciary
power is understood by "throne," according to Ps. 9:5: "Thou hast sat on
the throne, who judgest justice."
Reply to Objection 1: This argument holds good of judiciary power according as it
is due to Christ by reason of the union with the Word of God.
Reply to Objection 2: This argument is based on the ground of His grace as Head.
Reply to Objection 3: This argument holds good in regard to habitual grace, which
perfects Christ's soul. But although judiciary power be Christ's due in
these ways, it is not hindered from being His due from merit.
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Question: 59 [<< | >>]
Article: 4 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that judiciary power concerning all human affairs
does not belong to Christ. For as we read in Lk. 12:13,14, when one of
the crowd said to Christ: "Speak to my brother that he divide the
inheritance with me; He said to him: Man, who hath appointed Me judge, or
divider over you?" Consequently, He does not exercise judgment over all
human affairs.
Objection 2: Further, no one exercises judgment except over his own subjects.
But, according to Heb. 2:8, "we see not as yet all things subject to"
Christ. Therefore it seems that Christ has not judgment over all human
affairs.
Objection 3: Further, Augustine says (De Civ. Dei xx) that it is part of
Divine judgment for the good to be afflicted sometimes in this world, and
sometimes to prosper, and in like manner the wicked. But the same was the
case also before the Incarnation. Consequently, not all God's judgments
regarding human affairs are included in Christ's judiciary power.
On the contrary, It is said (Jn. 5:22): "The Father hath given all
judgment to the Son."
I answer that, If we speak of Christ according to His Divine Nature, it
is evident that every judgment of the Father belongs to the Son; for, as
the Father does all things through His Word, so He judges all things
through His Word.
But if we speak of Christ in His human nature, thus again is it evident
that all things are subject to His judgment. This is made clear if we
consider first of all the relationship subsisting between Christ's soul
and the Word of God; for, if "the spiritual man judgeth all things," as
is said in 1 Cor. 2:15, inasmuch as his soul clings to the Word of God,
how much more Christ's soul, which is filled with the truth of the Word
of God, passes judgment upon all things.
Secondly, the same appears from the merit of His death; because,
according to Rm. 14:9: "To this end Christ died and rose again; that He
might be Lord both of the dead and of the living." And therefore He has
judgment over all men; and on this account the Apostle adds (Rm. 14:10):
"We shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ": and (Dan. 7:14)
it is written that "He gave Him power, and glory, and a kingdom; and all
peoples, tribes, and tongues shall serve Him."
Thirdly, the same thing is evident from comparison of human affairs with
the end of human salvation. For, to whomsoever the substance is
entrusted, the accessory is likewise committed. Now all human affairs are
ordered for the end of beatitude, which is everlasting salvation, to
which men are admitted, or from which they are excluded by Christ's
judgment, as is evident from Mt. 25:31,40. Consequently, it is manifest
that all human affairs are included in Christ's judiciary power.
Reply to Objection 1: As was said above (Article [3], Objection [1]), judiciary power goes with
royal dignity. Now Christ, although established king by God, did not wish
while living on earth to govern temporarily an earthly kingdom;
consequently He said (Jn. 18:36): "My kingdom is not of this world." In
like fashion He did not wish to exercise judiciary power over temporal
concerns, since He came to raise men to Divine things. Hence Ambrose
observes on this passage in Luke: "It is well that He who came down with
a Divine purpose should hold Himself aloof from temporal concerns; nor
does He deign to be a judge of quarrels and an arbiter of property, since
He is judge of the quick and the dead, and the arbitrator of merits."
Reply to Objection 2: All things are subject to Christ in respect of that power,
which He received from the Father, over all things, according to Mt.
28:18: "All power is given to Me in heaven and in earth." But as to the
exercise of this power, all things are not yet subject to Him: this will
come to pass in the future, when He shall fulfil His will regarding all
things, by saving some and punishing others.
Reply to Objection 3: Judgments of this kind were exercised by Christ before His
Incarnation, inasmuch as He is the Word of God: and the soul united with
Him personally became a partaker of this power by the Incarnation.
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Article: 5 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that after the Judgment that takes place in the
present time, there does not remain another General Judgment. For a
judgment serves no purpose after the final allotment of rewards and
punishments. But rewards and punishments are allotted in this present
time: for our Lord said to the thief on the cross (Lk. 23:43): "This day
thou shalt be with Me in paradise": and (Lk. 16:22) it is said that "the
rich man died and was buried in hell." Therefore it is useless to look
forward to a final Judgment.
Objection 2: Further, according to another (the Septuagint) version of Nahum
1:9, "God shall not judge the same thing a second time." But in the
present time God judges both temporal and spiritual matters. Therefore,
it does not seem that another final judgment is to be expected.
Objection 3: Further, reward and punishment correspond with merit and demerit.
But merit and demerit bear relation to the body only in so far as it is
the instrument of the soul. Therefore reward or punishment is not due to
the body save as the soul's instrument. Therefore no other Judgment is
called for at the end (of the world) to requite man with reward or
punishment in the body, besides that Judgment in which souls are now
punished or rewarded.
On the contrary, It is said in Jn. 12:48: "The word that I have spoken, the same shall judge you [Vulg.: 'him'] in the last day." Therefore there will be a Judgment at the last day besides that which takes place in the present time.
I answer that, Judgment cannot be passed perfectly upon any changeable
subject before its consummation: just as judgment cannot be given
perfectly regarding the quality of any action before its completion in
itself and in its results: because many actions appear to be profitable,
which in their effects prove to be hurtful. And in the same way perfect
judgment cannot be passed upon any man before the close of his life,
since he can be changed in many respects from good to evil, or
conversely, or from good to better, or from evil to worse. Hence the
Apostle says (Heb. 9:27): "It is appointed unto men once to die, and
after this the Judgment."
But it must be observed that although man's temporal life in itself ends
with death, still it continues dependent in a measure on what comes after
it in the future. In one way, as it still lives on in men's memories, in
which sometimes, contrary to the truth, good or evil reputations linger
on. In another way in a man's children, who are so to speak something of
their parent, according to Ecclus. 30:4: "His father is dead, and he is
as if he were not dead, for he hath left one behind him that is like
himself." And yet many good men have wicked sons, and conversely.
Thirdly, as to the result of his actions: just as from the deceit of
Arius and other false leaders unbelief continues to flourish down to the
close of the world; and even until then faith will continue to derive its
progress from the preaching of the apostles. In a fourth way, as to the
body, which is sometimes buried with honor and sometimes left unburied,
and finally falls to dust utterly. In a fifth way, as to the things upon
which a man's heart is set, such as temporal concerns, for example, some
of which quickly lapse, while others endure longer.
Now all these things are submitted to the verdict of the Divine
Judgment; and consequently, a perfect and public Judgment cannot be made
of all these things during the course of this present time. Wherefore,
there must be a final Judgment at the last day, in which everything
concerning every man in every respect shall be perfectly and publicly
judged.
Reply to Objection 1: Some men have held the opinion that the souls of the saints
shall not be rewarded in heaven, nor the souls of the lost punished in
hell, until the Judgment-day. That this is false appears from the
testimony of the Apostle (2 Cor. 5:8), where he says: "We are confident
and have a good will to be absent rather from the body, and to be present
with the Lord": that is, not to "walk by faith" but "by sight," as
appears from the context. But this is to see God in His Essence, wherein
consists "eternal life," as is clear from Jn. 17:3. Hence it is manifest
that the souls separated from bodies are in eternal life.
Consequently, it must be maintained that after death man enters into an
unchangeable state as to all that concerns the soul: and therefore there
is no need for postponing judgment as to the reward of the soul. But
since there are some other things pertaining to a man which go on
through the whole course of time, and which are not foreign to the Divine
judgment, all these things must be brought to judgment at the end of
time. For although in regard to such things a man neither merits nor
demerits, still in a measure they accompany his reward or punishment.
Consequently all these things must be weighed in the final judgment.
Reply to Objection 2: "God shall not judge twice the same thing," i.e. in the
same respect; but it is not unseemly for God to judge twice according to
different respects.
Reply to Objection 3: Although the reward or punishment of the body depends upon
the reward or punishment of the soul, nevertheless, since the soul is
changeable only accidentally, on account of the body, once it is
separated from the body it enters into an unchangeable condition, and
receives its judgment. But the body remains subject to change down to the
close of time: and therefore it must receive its reward or punishment
then, in the last Judgment.
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Article: 6 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that Christ's judiciary power does not extend to
the angels, because the good and wicked angels alike were judged in the
beginning of the world, when some fell through sin while others were
confirmed in bliss. But those already judged have no need of being judged
again. Therefore Christ's judiciary power does not extend to the angels.
Objection 2: Further, the same person cannot be both judge and judged. But the
angels will come to judge with Christ, according to Mt. 25:31: "When the
Son of Man shall come in His majesty, and all the angels with Him."
Therefore it seems that the angels will not be judged by Christ.
Objection 3: Further, the angels are higher than other creatures. If Christ,
then, be judge not only of men but likewise of angels, then for the same
reason He will be judge of all creatures; which seems to be false, since
this belongs to God's providence: hence it is written (Job 34:13): "What
other hath He appointed over the earth? or whom hath He set over the
world which He made?" Therefore Christ is not the judge of the angels.
On the contrary, The Apostle says (1 Cor. 6:3): "Know you not that we
shall judge angels?" But the saints judge only by Christ's authority.
Therefore, much more does Christ possess judiciary power over the angels.
I answer that, The angels are subjects of Christ's judiciary power, not
only with regard to His Divine Nature, as He is the Word of God, but also
with regard to His human nature. And this is evident from three
considerations. First of all, from the closeness of His assumed nature to
God; because, according to Heb. 2:16: "For nowhere doth He take hold of
the angels, but of the seed of Abraham He taketh hold." Consequently,
Christ's soul is more filled with the truth of the Word of God than any
angel: for which reason He also enlightens the angels, as Dionysius says
(Coel. Hier. vii), and so He has power to judge them. Secondly, because
by the lowliness of His Passion, human nature in Christ merited to be
exalted above the angels; so that, as is said in Phil. 2:10: "In the name
of Jesus every knee should bow, of those that are in heaven, on earth,
and under the earth." And therefore Christ has judiciary power even over
the good and wicked angels: in token whereof it is said in the Apocalypse
(7:11) that "all the angels stood round about the throne." Thirdly, on
account of what they do for men, of whom Christ is the Head in a special
manner. Hence it is written (Heb. 1:14): "They are [Vulg.: 'Are they
not'] all ministering spirits, sent to minister for them, who shall
receive the inheritance of salvation (?)." But they are submitted to
Christ's judgment, first, as regards the dispensing of those things which
are done through them; which dispensing is likewise done by the Man
Christ, to whom the angels ministered, as related (Mt. 4:11), and from
whom the devils besought that they might be sent into the swine,
according to Mt. 8:31. Secondly, as to other accidental rewards of the
good angels, such as the joy which they have at the salvation of men,
according to Lk. 15:10: "There shall be joy before the angels of God upon
one sinner doing penance": and furthermore as to the accidental
punishments of the devils wherewith they are either tormented here, or
are shut up in hell; and this also belongs to the Man Christ: hence it is
written (Mk. 1:24) that the devil cried out: "What have we to do with
thee, Jesus of Nazareth? art Thou come to destroy us?" Thirdly, as to the
essential reward of the good angels, which is everlasting bliss; and as
to the essential punishment of the wicked angels, which is everlasting
damnation. But this was done by Christ from the beginning of the world,
inasmuch as He is the Word of God.
Reply to Objection 1: This argument considers judgment as to the essential reward
and chief punishment.
Reply to Objection 2: As Augustine says (De Vera Relig. xxxi): "Although the
spiritual man judgeth all things, still he is judged by Truth Itself."
Consequently, although the angels judge, as being spiritual creatures,
still they are judged by Christ, inasmuch as He is the Truth.
Reply to Objection 3: Christ judges not only the angels, but also the administration of all creatures. For if, as Augustine says (De Trin. iii) the lower things are ruled by God through the higher, in a certain order, it must be said that all things are ruled by Christ's soul, which is above every creature. Hence the Apostle says (Heb. 2:5): "For God hath not subjected unto angels the world to come"---subject namely to Christ---"of whom we speak" [Douay: 'whereof we speak'] [*The words "subject namely to Christ" are from a gloss]. Nor does it follow that God set another over the earth; since one and the same Person is God and Man, our Lord Jesus Christ.
Let what has been said of the Mystery of His Incarnation suffice for the
present.