1) Formation of adverbs:
| 1.1) PRIMIITVE______ | |
| cur | why? |
| etiam | also |
| ita | so |
| sic | thus |
| tam | so much |
| nimis | too much |
| haud | not at all |
| fere | almost |
| vix | hardly |
| cras | tomorrow |
| diu | a long time |
| jam | already |
| mox | soon |
| 1.2) COMPOSITE_____ | |
| antea (ante-ea) | formerly |
| postea (post-ea) | afterwards |
| interea (inter-ea) | meanwhile |
| hodie (hoc-die) | today |
| quotannis (quot-annis) | every year |
| denuo (de-novo) | again |
| scilicet (scire-licet) | of course |
| videlicet (videre-licet) | evidently |
| propterea (propter-ea) | therefore |
| quare? (qua-re) | how/why? |
| imprimis (in primis) | especially |
| invicem (in-vicem) | mutually |
| 1.3) FROM PRONOUNS | |||||||
| ubi? | where? | ibi | there | alicubi | somewhere | ||
| unde? | where from? | ibidem | in the same place | uspiam | somewhere | ||
| quo? | how? | inde | from there | usquam | anywhere | ||
| quando? | when? | hinc | from here | alicunde | from somewhere | ||
| quam? | how? | istinc | from there | aliquo | somewhere | ||
| quomodo? | how? | illinc | from there | aliquando | sometime | ||
| quotiens? | how many times? | indidem | from the same place | unquam | ever | ||
| quot? | how many? | eo | there | numquam | never | ||
| quantum? | how much? | istuc | to that | aliquantum | somewhat | ||
| illuc | to there | aliquot | some | ||||
| huc | to this | aliquoties | several times | ||||
| eodem | to the same place | ||||||
| tum | then | ||||||
| tunc | at that time | ||||||
| tam | so much | ||||||
| item | likewise | ||||||
| toties | so often | ||||||
| tot | so many | ||||||
| tantum | as |
1.4) derive from positive adjectives:
1.4.1 - for first and second declension adjectives: add -e to the stem
longus longa longum: longe
liber libera liberum: libere
pulcher pulchra pulchrum: pulchre
* exception:
- in acc. n. sg. : ceterum, multum, nimium, paulum, primum, postremum, parum, plurimum,
- in abl. sg. : cito, continuo, crebro, perpetuo, falso, raro, secreto, merito, immerito, necessario, primo, postremo, sero, subito, tuto
- certo, certe; vero, vere; bene, male; fraudulenter, violenter
- ending in -itus: antiquitus, caelitus, radicitus, divinitus
- ending in -tim: paulatim, sensim, statim, privatim, nominatim, passim
1.4.2 - for third declension adjectives: add -iter to the stem (only -er if the stem ends in -nt)
fortis fortis forte: fortiter
celer celeris celere: celeriter
acer acris acre: acriter
felix felix felix, felicis: feliciter
sapiens sapiens sapiens, sapientis: sapienter
* exception:
facile (facilis facilis facile);
difficulter (difficilis difficilis difficile)
triste (tristis tristis triste);
audacter (audax: audacis),
1.5) derive from comparative adjectives:
the neuter of comparative adjectives ( in -ius)
1.6) derive from superlative adverbs:
add -issime or -rime to the stem
e.g. altus -a -um -> altissimus -> altissime
e.g. acer -cris -cre -> acerrimus -> acerrime
*irregulars:
plurimum [most]
primo [first]
primum [in the first place]
2) declension of adverbs:
no declension.
3) usage of adverbs:
3.1) positive adverbs:
hic poeta cucurrit celeriter.
3.2) comparative and superlative adverbs:
with quam:
hic puer celerius cucurrit quam ille.
illa puella quam celerrime cucurrit.
* special meaning:
quam primum [as soon as possible]