a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i=j, k,

l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u=v,

x, y, z

vowels: a, e, i, o, u

diphthong: ae (eye), oe (oil), [au, ei, eu, ui]

consonants:

c = (car: always hard, no movement of lips or jaw)

s = (see: always voiceless)

t = (tea)

v = (we: no touch of teeth with lip)

ca, ce, ci, co, cu

ga, ge, gi, go, gu

gua, gue, gui, guo, guu (lingua)

qua, que, qui, quo, quu

ra, re, ri, ro, ru

tia, tie, tii, tio, tiu

va, ve, vi, vo, vu

ae => e: laetus a um, happy; aequus a um, equal (equus i m. horse); caelum i n. sky

oe => e: coeptus us m. beginning

ce: cena ae f. meal

ci: cinis eris m. ashes; Cicero

ge: genu us n. knee

gi: magister tri m. teacher

gn: dignatio onis f. honour; magnes etis f. magnet; ignis is m. fire: ignotus a um, ignorant; agnus i m, lamb

sc: conscientia ae f. conscience

ti+vowel => si+vowel: laetitia ae f. joy; mutatio onis f. change; sapientius more wisely

Stress:

long vowel <-> short vowel

* In general stress is on the last-but-one vowel:

tua, ibi, amo, emo, nemo, mane, sano, sapo, sudo

vita, nota, peto, vivo, muto, puto, tuba, fumo, bene

culina, farina, regina, corona, cubile, imago, ovile, sedile

juvare, lavare, habere, monere, movere, videre, venire, punire

* Stress is on the last-but-two vowel, if the last-but-one vowel is not long in words of more than two syllables:

anima, domina, famula, tabula, tegula, regula, minime

filia, familia, miseria, memoria, pecunia, cupio, facio

diligo, nomino, semino, dubito

* Words like -que, -ne, -ve are appended to words, causing the stress of the latter to fall on the last syllable.

vinum - vinumque.

populus - SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus

vidisti - Eum vidistine?

discipulus - magister discipulusve