YIP Wah Ying
¸t¤èÀÙ¢w¢w¦b»ØÁ_¤¤¦¨´Nªº¸t¤H
¸t¤èÀ٨Ȧè¦è¬O¤¤¥@¬ö¤@Ó«D±`³Ç¥Xªº©v±Ð©_¤~¡A¤£³æ¥ú¨~±»»\¦P®É¥Nªº¸t¹D©ú¡A¦b
¾ú¥vªº¶ZÂ÷Åý§ÚÌ¥i¥HªY½à¸t¤èÀÙªº¦æ¬°©M·Qªk¡C¦ý¬O¦pªG¤µ¤Ñ¦³¤@Ó¸t¤èÀÙ¦b§A±«e¥X²{¡A§A·|¯º¥L¬OºÆ¤l¡C·í®É¬Æ¦Ü¥i¯à³Qµø¬°²§ºÝ¡A¥[¥H¢®`¡C¸t¤èÀÙªº¦¨¥\¦³®É¥NÀô¹Òªº°t¦X¡A¤£¹L³Ì«nªº¬O¥L¯à°÷¦b«H¥õ¹ê½î¡A×·|»â¾É¤ÎªA±q±Ð©vªº¨¤¦â¤¤¨«¥X¦Û¤vªº¸ô¡C
¥¥¨|¸t¤èÀÙªºÀô¹Ò
¤¤¥@¬ö¤¤´Á¤j¬ù¬O«ü¤½¤¸¤@¤d¦~¦Ü¤@¤T¡³¡³¦~ªº¤@¬q´Á¶¡[3]¡AÀHµÛÆZ±Ú¤J«I³vº¥´î¤Ö¡A¤Ñ®ð¤ñ¸û©M·x¡A¸gÀÙ穏©wµo®i¡CªÀ·|µ²ºc¤]¦³·sªº§ïÅÜ¡A¦]¬°¶T©ö¼W¥[¡A·sªº°Ó·~«°¥«¶}©l¥X²{¡C°Ó¤H¶¥¯Å¥ç¦P®É¥X²{¡A¥L̤£¦A¬O¦ú¹A¡A¸gÀÙ¤W¨Ã¤£Ê¿à«Ê«Ø»â¥D©ÎªÌ±Ð·|¡A¬Æ¦Ü³q¹L¶°Åé¦æ°Ê¡A¨ú±o«°¥«ªº¦ÛªvÅv¡C·íµM¥LÌÁÙ±o¦V¶Q±Úú¥æµ|´Ú¡A¤£¹L¬O¥H«°¥«¬°³æ¦ì¡A¦Ó¤£¬OÓ§O°Ó¤H¡C
¹A§ø¦ú¹Aªº«H¥õ¥Í¬¡¬O³Q°Ê©M²³æ¡A¥L̤£ÃѦr¡A¥u¯à³q¹L¯«¤÷¤F¸Ñ¸t¸gªº¹D²z¡C¬Û¤Ï¦a«°¥«¤H§ó¯àªí²{¥L̪º©v±Ð¼ö±¡¡A°Ó¤H¦]¬°¾Ö¦³Ãe¤jªº°]´I¡A¥i¥H¤ä«ùô¼w¦¡¤j±Ð°óªº¿³«Ø¡A¤Q¦rxªF©º¡A¤Î·Oµ½§G¬I¡C¥Ñ©ó¤å¦r¹ï¶T©ö¦³À°§U¡A°Ó¤H¤]¦³¯à¤OÁʶR¸täK©M¨ä¥L®Ñ¥»¡AÃѦr©M¾\Ū¸t¸g¤£¦A¬O±Ð¤hªº±M§Q¡C¤÷¿Ë¬O·N¤j§Q¨È¦è¦è¤@¦ì¥¬°Óªº¸t¤èÀÙ¡AÁöµM³Q±Ð·|¥ô©R¬°°Æ¥D²½(deacon)¡A¦ý²×¨ä¤@¥Í¡A¤£¬O¥qÅM¡C¦b¿òÅñ¤¤¡A¥LÁ¾ºÙ¦Û¤v¬O¨S¦³¾ÇÃѪº¡A¥u¯à¸ÑÄÀ¬°¨S¦³¥¿³W±Ð¨|¡C±q¿ò¤Uªº¤â½Z¡A¥i¥HÃÒ©ú¥L¬OÃѦrªº¡C
±Ð©vªºÅv¤O¤]¦³«Ü¤jªºÅܤơC¤Q¤@¥@¬öªì¡A¥@«Uªº¶Q±Ú§g¥D®t¤£¦h±±¨î¥D±Ð©M±Ð¤hªº¥ô©R¡C±Ð©v¾¦ì¦¨¬°·N¤j§Q¶Q±Úªºª±ª«¡A¨ä¤¤¤@Ó·¥ºÝªº¨Ò¤l¬O¥»¿w¤E¥@®É¡A¤T¤Hª§¹Ü±Ð©v¤@¾¡Aµ²ªG¯«¸tù°¨¬Ó«Ò¦ë§Q¤T¥@¤z¹w¡A©e¥ô²Ä¤@¦ì§ï²±Ð©v¡C±Ð©vªºÅv¤O¶}©l³vº¥±j¤Æ¡A¤Q¤T¥@¬ö®Éªº^¿Õ´Ë¤T¥@¨ì¤F³»®p¡A¤£¹L°@¸Ûªº«H®{¶V¨Ó¶VÃhºÃ¾Ö¦³Ãe¤j°]´Iªº±Ð©v©M±Ð·|²Õ´¡A¯à§_§@¬°¥L̪ººë¯«»â¾É¡C
«H¥õ¹ê½î¡A×·|»â¾É¤ÎªA±q±Ð©v
¸t¤èÀÙªº«H¥õ¹ê½î¬O¿W¯Sªº¡A¬J¤£¶i¤J¶Ç²Îªº×°|¡A¤]¤£¦¨¬°¥qÅM¡C¦bÆFתº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¥L¦³«Ü¦h¹êÅç©M¹Á¸Õ¡Cªì´Á¥Lײz¯}ªº±Ð°ó¡B©t³æ¿W³B¡BÀ°§U½a¤H¡A«á¨Ó¥L¦æ¤^¡A¬Æ¦Ü±µÄ²³Â·¯f¤H¡C³Ì¤jªº¬ð¯}¬O¥H¤@Ó«D¥qÅMªº¨¥÷¡Aª½±µ±qºÖµ®Ñ¤¤´x´¤±Ð¸q¡A³q¹L¹ê½î©M¼Ò¥éºÖµªº©v®{¥Í¬¡¥h¨£ÃÒ¤W¥D¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦º®É¨¤W¦³°ò·þ°v¤Q¦r¬[ªº¤¶Ë¡A©Ò¥H¦³¤H·|§â¥L§Î®e¬°ºÖµ¬£·s±Ðªº¥ý¦æªÌ¡C
¦b×·|ªº»â¾É¤W¡A¥L¦P¼Ë¤£¸òÀH¤w¦³ªº·|³W¡A¥HºÖµ®Ñ´yzªº¦´Á©v®{¥Í¬¡§@¬°¨å½d«·s¼¶¼g¡C¦P®É¥N³Ð¥ßªºº³¿w·|¥Îªº¬O¸t¥»¿w·|³W¡A¹D©ú·|¥Îªº¸t¶ø¥j¤h³W«h¡C¥L°í«ù³h½a¬O¦]¬°¬Û«H°ò·þ¬O³h½aªº¡A¦Ó¥B¤£³æ¤£¯à¾Ö¦³¨p¤H°]²£¡A×·|¤]¤£¥i¥H¡C¦]¬°´I¸Îªº×·|¡A·|¤h¥Í¬¡¦P¼Ë°ø¨×¡A¦Ó¥B·|¯A¤Î«Ü¦h¥@«U°]²£ºÞ²zªº¨Æ°È¡C
¸t¤èÀÙ¬°°ò·þ©v±Ð±a¨Óªº·s®ð¶H¡A¹ï·í®É¥Rº¡©v±Ð¼ö¸Ûªº«°¥«©~¥Á¬O²ö¤jªº§l¤Þ¡A¦ý¦P®É¬O¥@«U¤Æ±Ð·|ªº«Â¯Ù¡C¦b¸t¤èÀÙ¥X¥Í«e¼Æ¦~¡A©¼±oµØº¸¦h(Peter Waldo)¤]´¿´£Ò²M³h¥Í¬¡¡A¦ýµ²ªG³Q§P¬°²§ºÝ¡A·íµM¬O¦]¬°µØº¸¦h¹ï±Ð·|¦³±j¯Pªº©áÀ»¡C¤Ï¤§¸t¤èÀÙ°í«ùªA±q±Ð©v©M±Ð·|ªº¥qÅM¡A³oÓ·NÄ@²M·¡¼g¦b¥Lªº¿òÅñ¤W¡C
¦]¦¹¦b1209¦~¸t¤èÀÙ¨M©w©M¤Q¤@¦ì¦P¦ñ¨ìù°¨¡A½Ð¨D±Ð©v^¿Õ´Ë¤T¥@§åã¥L̪º«H¥õ¹ê½î¡C·í®É¦b¼Ï¾÷¥D±Ð¶¡¤Þ°_»á¤jªºª§Ä³¡AÁöµM¦³°ªÛ¯Ç¼Ï¾÷¬°¥Ḻj¤O»¡¶µ¡A¤£¹L¤§«e±Ð·|¤w¸g¨M©w¤£±o¦³·sªº×·|³W«h¡C¦ü¥G±Ð©v¦³ÂIµSºÃ¡A¦]¦¹¥Î¤W¥D°U¹Ú¥h¸ÑÄÀ¨M©w¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¦¤w¦³¨Ò¥~¡A¤@¦~«e¥L¤w¸g§åã¤@¨Ç«eµØº¸¦h¤À¤l¦¨¥ß·s×·|¡C³Ì«á¸t¤èÀÙ±o¨ì¤@Ó¤fÀY§åã¡A¥i¥H¦ôp^¿Õ´ËÁÙnÆ[¹î¤@¬q®É¶¡¡A¤~¥¿¦¡½T»{¥L̪º¦a¦ì¡C
¤£¹L¦b¸t¤èÀ٬ݨӡA¥L¤w¸g§â¤TÓ¨¤¦â¦¨¥\¦a¿Ä¦X¡C¥H«á¤èÀÙ·|ªºµo®i¤Q¤À¨³³t¡A¨ì1217¦~¶}¤j·|®É¡A¤v¸g¦³¤T¤d¤H¡C¦ôp¸t¤èÀÙ¦b³o¤@¦~©Î³Ì¿ð©ó1219¦~¤£¦A¾á¥ô×·|ªº»â¾É¡C»P¨ä»¡¥L¦Ûı¤£¾A¦X»â¾É¤u§@¡A¤£¦p»¡¥L¦³¨¤¦â½Ä¬ð¡C
¬°¤F°í«ù³h½a¡A¥L´£¥X¹L¤£³\ÃM°¨¡A¤]¤£±o¾Ö¦³®Ñ¥»¡C¤£³æ¤£¥i¾Ö¦³±Ð°ó¡A¬Æ¦Ü³s¼È¦íªº×°|¤]¤£¥i¥H°øµØ¡Cפh¤£³\¦³¹j¤ÑªºÂ³¹¡A¦]¬°¤Ñ¥D¦ÛµM·|·ÓÅU§Ú̪º»Ýn¡C³oºØºØ³h½aªº°í«ù¡A¹ï¸t¤èÀÙ¥»¤H©M¦´Áªº¤Q¤@§Ì¥S¬O¥i¦æªº¡A¤T¤d¥S§ÌªºÂ³¹«Kn¦³p¹º·Ç³Æ¡C¦Ó¨S¦³®Ñ¥»¡A¦p¦ó¬°·s¥[¤JªÌ´£¨Ñ¯«¾Ç±Ð¨|¡C
¦b»sq¥¿¦¡·|³Wªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¸t¤èÀÙ±¹ï¥t¤@¦¸¨¤¦â½Ä¬ðªº°ÝÃD¡C1221¦~ªº¤@¥÷ºÙ¬°«D©x¤èª©¥»(unsealed)¡A»Ýn¸g¹Lקï¡AÅܱoªk«ß±ø¤å¤Æ¡A¤~©ó1223¦~Àò±o±Ð©v»{¥i¡CÁöµM¥i¥H§Î®e¬°¸t¤èÀÙªº«H¥õ¹ê½în±µ¨ü§´¨ó¡A¤£¹L¨âÓª©¥»¨ä¹ê¤£ºâ¦³«Ü¤jªº®t²§¡A¤Ï¦Óªí¥Ü¥L¦b«H¥õ¹ê½î©MªA±q±Ð©v¤¤§ä¨ì¥X¸ô¡C¸t¤èÀÙ¹ï¤èÀÙ·|¤w°µ¤F³Ì¤jªº°^Äm¡A°²¦p¨S¦³³o¥÷·|³W¡A«K¨S¦³ªk²z®Ú¾Ú¹B§@¡C¦Û¦¹¥H«á¥L§óµÛ«Ó¤Hªº«H¥õ¹ê½î¡C¥L¦º«á¨â¦~(1228)¡Aù°¨±Ð§Ê¤w¸g§â¥L«Ê¸t¡C
¦]¬°¥L³Æ¨ü´L±R¡A³s±a·|¤h³£³Qµø³Ì¯àÅé²{°ò·þºë¯«¡C¥[¤W¦¦b³Ð·|¤§ªì¡A¸t¤èÀÙ±j½ÕªA±q±Ð©v¡C¦]¦¹±Ð©v¼Ö©ó©e¥ô·|¤h§@¬°¼Ï¾÷¥D±Ð©M¤j¾Ç±Ð±Â¡C¤£¹L¦b³o±¡ªp¤U¡A¥L̦p¦ó«H¦u³h½aªº·|³W¡C
Á`µ²
±q¥H¤Wªº¤ÀªR¡A¥i¨£¸t¤èÀÙªº¤TÓ¨¤¦â¬O¥Rº¡¥Ù¬Þ¡A¦ý¬O¦bÃöÁ䪺®É¨è¡A¥L«o¦¨¥\§â¥¦Ì¿Ä¦X¡C¥L±Ë±ó×·|ªº¹ê»Ú»â¾É¡A¦ýÓý±qÓ¤Hªº«H¥õ¹ê½î¤¤¡A¨ú±o§ó²`»·ªº¼vÅT¡C¤èÀÙ·|¬O¥H¸t¤èÀÙªº¤@¥Í©M«ä·Q§@¬°¨å½d¡A¥Lªº¶Ç°O·|¦³×·|»{¥iªºª©¥»¡A¦Ó¨ä¥Lªºn³Q¾P·´¡C
ÁöµM¥L©l²×§ïÅܤ£¤F×·|ªº¥@«U¤Æ¡A¥L¥»¨Ó§Æ±æ¥Î¿òÅñ¥Ó©ú¹ï×·|ªº¥ß³õ¡A¦ý¬Oµ²ªG¦b³u¥@«á¥|¦~¡A×·|ªº»â¾ÉÀò±o±Ð©v¹{¥O¿òÅñ¨S¦³¬ù§ô¤O¡A¥u¦³³¡¥÷·|¤h°í«ù¥Lì¨Óªº²z·Q¡C
°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø
Burr, David (2001) The spiritual
Franciscans : from protest to persecution in the century after Saint Francis,
Carretto, Carlo (1986) §Ú¡A¤èÀÙ¢w¸t¤èÀ٨Ȧè¦èªººë¯«, »´ä¤½敎þѲz¾Ç·|Ķ, »´ä¡G»´ä¤½敎þѲz¾Ç·|.
Cunningham (2004), Francis of Assisi:
performing the Gospel life,
Hollister (1986) ¦è¬v¤¤¥j¥v ±i¾Ç©úĶ. ªìª©. »O¥_¥«¡GÁp¸g¥Xª©¨Æ·~¤½¥q.
Hollister, C.W. and Bennett, J. M. (2002). Medieval
JÈûrgensen, Johannes (1949) ¸t¤¶Ë¤èÀÙ¦U¦æ¹ê ¦óªÚ²zĶ »´ä¡G»´ä¤½敎þѲz¾Ç·|.
Le Goff, Jacques (2004) Saint Francis of
Russell, J. B. and Lumsden, D. W. (2000). A History of Medieval Christianity : prophecy
and order
[1] Regis J. Armstrong, Ignatius C., (1986) Francis and Clare: The Complete Works (The Classics of Western Spirituality), Brady Paulist Press.
[2] Armstrong, Regis J. (1999-2002) Francis of
[3] Hollister (1986) ¦è¬v¤¤¥j¥v ±i¾Ç©úĶ. ªìª©. »O¥_¥«¡GÁp¸g¥Xª©¨Æ·~¤½¥q.